Numerical Simulation of Hydrodynamic and Spectral Model of Iraqi Coastal Water at the Northern Arabian Gulf
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.17.9.194211Keywords:
Hydrodynamic modelling, spectral modelling, MIKE 21 FM, calibration, unstructured grid, Northern Arabian GulfAbstract
Coastal areas are experiencing an increase in human population and activities. This change in coastal areas necessitates their safety and reliability to prevent the risk of human lives and economic values being compromised. The Iraqi coast is considered one of these areas that is considered vulnerable because of its low elevation related to mean sea level. The Because of their gentle slope and low elevation, storm events have the potential to inundate it. Therefore, it becomes imperative to study the hydrodynamic processes and their impact on the coast using numerical models. Many numerical modelling tools are developed to simulate the coastal engineering problems. This study investigates the possibility of modelling hydrodynamics and spectral waves in the Iraqi coastal area. The Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI) developed the MIKE21 FM coupled model system, which has been used in this research along with observational data of water levels, waves and winds in the study area. Time series data of water levels, wind and waves were utilized as inputs at the model domain's open boundaries, while the model got calibrated by statistical measures based on in situ measurements. The model's simulation period spanned from March 3 to March 31, 2019, including successive high waves. The acceptable agreement between the simulated findings from the hydrodynamic and wave models and the in-situ observations validated the model's appropriateness for coastal area problems. The model results show that wind forcing has a significant effect on wave characteristics. Without wind force, the significant wave height is estimated to be 46.8% lower than the observed value, but the wave period was more accurate, with a Nash efficiency factor of 0.92. Including water level variations into the model only slightly affects the wave parameters.
Downloads
References
[1] Neumann, Barbara, Athanasios T. Vafeidis, Juliane Zimmermann and Robert J. Nicholls. "Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding-a global assessment." PloS one 10, no. 3 (2015): e0118571. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118571
[2] Rusu, Eugen. "Strategies in using numerical wave models in ocean/coastal applications." Journal of Marine Science and Technology 19, no. 1 (2011): 8. https://doi.org/10.51400/2709-6998.2138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.51400/2709-6998.2138
[3] Mike, D. H. I. "& MIKE 3 flow model FM." Hydrodynamic Module Scientific Documentation (21).
[4] DHI, Mike. "MIKE 21 Spectral Waves FM, Spectral Wave Module User Guide." DHI Water Environment Health, Hørsholm, Denmark (2017).
[5] Manson, Gavin Kertland. Configuration of Mike21 for the simulation of nearshore storm waves, currents and sediment transport-Brackley Bight, Prince Edward Island. Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4095/291980 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4095/291980
[6] Samaras, A. G., M. Vacchi, Renata Archetti and Alberto Lamberti. "Wave and hydrodynamics modelling in coastal areas with TELEMAC and MIKE21." In XXth TELEMAC-MASCARET users conference, pp. 59-63. 2013.
[7] Bolaños, Rodolfo, Jacob V. Tornfeldt Sørensen, Alvise Benetazzo, Sandro Carniel and Mauro Sclavo. "Modelling ocean currents in the northern Adriatic Sea." Continental Shelf Research 87 (2014): 54-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.03.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2014.03.009
[8] Belibassakis, Kostas A. and Flora E. Karathanasi. "Modelling nearshore hydrodynamics and circulation under the impact of high waves at the coast of Varkiza in Saronic-Athens Gulf." Oceanologia 59, no. 3 (2017): 350-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2017.04.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2017.04.001
[9] Sokolov andrei and Boris Chubarenko. "Case-Study Modelling Analysis of Hydrodynamics in the Nearshore of the Baltic Sea Forced by Extreme Along-shore Wind in the Case of a Cross-shore Obstacle." Archives of Hydro-Engineering and Environmental Mechanics 65, no. 3 (2018): 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/heem-2018-0011
[10] Nguyen, Viet Thanh, Minh Tuan Vu and Chi Zhang. "Numerical investigation of hydrodynamics and cohesive sediment transport in Cua Lo and Cua Hoi Estuaries, Vietnam." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 11 (2021): 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111258 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111258
[11] Lafta, Ali A., Samer A. Altaei and Noori HN Al-Hashimi. "Characteristics of the tidal wave in Khor Abdullah and Khor Al-Zubair Channels, Northwest of the Arabian Gulf." Mesopotamian Journal of Marine Science 34, no. 2 (2019). https://doi.org/10.58629/mjms.v34i2.32 DOI: https://doi.org/10.58629/mjms.v34i2.32
[12] Al-Mahmood, H. K. H. "The Properties of Iraqi Coast (Geographical Study)." Unpublished) Thesis for PhD In Physical Geography. College of Arts–University of Basrah (2006).
[13] MIKE21, D. H. I. and F. M. MIKE3 Flow Model. "Hydrodynamic and transport module scientific documentation." Denmark: DHl water & Environment (2009).
[14] Ranasinghe, D. P. L., N. L. Engiliyage, H. P. G. M. Caldera and I. G. I. Kumara. "Verification of Wave Transformation to Establish the Nearshore Wave Climate."
[15] Desktop, ESRI ArcGIS. "Release 10.8. 1." Environmental Systems Research Institute: Redlands, CA, USA (2020).
[16] General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans. “Since 1903 GEBCO aims to provide the most publicly available bathymetry data sets for the world’s oceans.” GEBCO, www.gebco.net
[17] United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. “Admiralty Chart. Hydrographer of Navy Chart No.1235.” United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-hydrographic-office
[18] Mahmood, A. B., A. A. Al-Mahdi and S. S. Abdullah. "Breaker wind waves energy at Iraqi coastline." Mesop J Mar Sci 24, no. 2 (2009): 112-121.
[19] DHI Group. “Scientific Document ion, MIKE 21 Hydrodynamic Module”, DHI Water and Environment. DHI Software Horsholm, Denmark, (2007). https://www.dhigroup.com/upload/dhisoftwarearchive/shortdescriptions/marine/HydrodynamicModuleHD.pdf
[20] United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. “Total tide software”, United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, (2003). https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-hydrographic-office
[21] Soulsby, R. L. "Dynamics of Marine Sands." (1997).
[22] Permanent International Association of Navigation Congresses. Permanent Technical Committee II. Working Group 12. Analysis of rubble mound breakwaters. Vol. 78. Pianc, 1992.
[23] Nurjaya, I. W., D. G. Bengen, T. Prartono and I. Efendi. "Hydrodynamics modeling with MIKE system in the Semak Daun Lagoon, Seribu Islands Indonesia." In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 429, no. 1, p. 012010. IOP Publishing, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/429/1/012010 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/429/1/012010
