Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics

A Novel Approach to Microwave Heating Control System: Crow Search Algorithm-Based PID Controllers

2024-07-12T03:13:51+07:00

Microwave heating technology has been implemented in various fields of life due to its superior advantages over conventional heaters. These advantages have sparked significant interest among researchers to further develop this technology, particularly from control system point of view. One crucial aspect of control system microwave heating development is finding an optimal controller tuning method to control the temperature properly. However, the research on control system tuning for this topic is still in its early stages. The main aim of this article is to utilize a novel approach with the potential to effectively enhance the performance of microwave heating control systems, namely Crow Search Algorithm (CSA). Autoregressive with Exogenous Variables (ARX) is used to simulate the proposed controller and assess its performance. The proposed controller is evaluated through simulations using MATLAB. Based on the fitness value tests, the optimized CSA solution tracks heating patterns well and predominantly produces a relatively small standard deviation of fitness values in the testing of the microwave heating control system. Overall, CSA effectively optimized controller parameters and achieved efficient control for the microwave heating system.

Efficiency and Precision in Printing: Study of the Control System of a Rotogravure Machine

2024-07-12T03:24:19+07:00

Rotogravure printing is a well-liked and effective printing technique in the packaging sector of a printing cylinder. In making an automatic rotogravure machine, it is necessary to design an appropriate control system. In Indonesia, semi-automatic technology is still used to make rotogravure machines, and printing speeds are often slow. For automation machines, they are still imported. Apart from that, the machine's ability to adjust its precision is also limited. The purpose of this article is to examine the control system for a 6-cylinder automatic rotogravure machine, and discuss the rotogravure machine printing process, important aspects of rotogravure machine operation, differentiation in selecting motor types for torque and speed control, as well as advantages in efficiency and precision control over the environment. The method of using a literature review is qualitative-descriptive. The main findings on rotogravure machines include five main aspects: (1) ink flow management, (2) control of the drying system, (3) register control, (4) tension and speed control, and (5) fault detection, data logging, and analysis.

Numerical Model Development of Reinforced Concrete Beam for Structural Health Monitoring

2023-08-16T03:31:51+07:00

Reinforced concrete (RC) structures are used in various engineering projects of all sizes and shapes. In order to maintain its safety and serviceability, it is necessary to evaluate the durability of an existing structure by conducting structural health monitoring. Thus, the main problem of this study is the lack of inspection, and no predictive maintenance is performed in the existing structure because the conventional method of structure monitoring needs a high cost to execute. Therefore, it will cause structural deterioration and lead to structural failure. In this study, a numerical model of RC beam was developed by using Finite Element Software. The research objective is to validate the real experimental work by using numerical model of RC beam in Marc Mentat software and investigates the potential of the numerical model development for structural health monitoring. In order to achieve the objectives, Marc Mentat software was used to develop a numerical model of RC beam, which validates the results based on the previous experimental work. Next, the qualitative data were collected through an interview session with several experienced Engineers and Project Managers to investigate the potential of the developed numerical model. The collected data were analyzed by executing content analysis and represented in the form of a matrix table. It is found that the numerical analysis produces the same tendencies as previous experimental results. So, the numerical model could validate the experimental work with no significant difference. Moreover, all the respondents agreed that this numerical approach has the potential to be implemented in the structural health monitoring work. This study suggested an alternative method of monitoring the structural conditions. This numerical method promises precise data in real-time with a minimum cost and time compared to the conventional method.

Effect of Storage Temperature of Articular Cartilage on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Greyscale and Biomechanical Properties

2024-05-14T03:32:43+07:00

Storage and preservation of articular cartilage are important in experimental studies. Various storage temperatures were used which led to conflicting results on the biomechanical properties of the cartilage. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effect of storage temperature on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image and biomechanical properties of articular cartilage. The cartilage specimens were extracted from hip bovine joints which were then tested in fresh condition and in a single freeze-thaw cycle at -20°C to observe the effect of the temperature. Low-field MRI was utilized to obtain the images which were processed to determine the greyscale intensity of the cartilage. Subsequently, indentation tests were conducted on the cartilage and the data was integrated with finite element analysis to characterize the biomechanical properties of permeability and elastic modulus. Based on the results, the elastic modulus of the frozen cartilage decreased to 29%, while the permeability increased to 77% compared to the fresh cartilage. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation (r=0.85) was found between MRI image greyscale and permeability, while a negative moderate correlation (r=-0.51) was obtained between MRI image greyscale and elastic modulus. These findings highlighted the significant effect of storage temperature on the MRI image greyscale and biomechanical properties of cartilage.

Comparative Analysis of Fuzzy Logic, PID, and FOPID Controllers in DC Microgrid Voltage Regulation for Power Plants: Integrating Renewable Energy Sources

2024-07-16T02:10:58+07:00

The worldwide direction moving towards sustainable energy solutions requires more advanced control mechanisms within power systems, especially in DC microgrids that combine renewable energy sources like solar panels and wind turbines with conventional power setups. This paper addresses the necessary challenge of maintaining steady and efficient DC voltage control—important for the dependability and performance of power plants. Specifically, it looks at the efficiency of four different control strategies: classic PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers, Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC), Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers, and a new mixed system that merges Fuzzy Logic with PID controllers in a Fuzzy-PI layout. Our approach utilizes a strict comparative analysis using MATLAB Simulink simulations, assessing each controller’s capacity to manage dynamic load shifts, adjust to the unpredictability of renewable energy inputs, and preserve strong voltage stability under various operational cases. The simulations are crafted to single out the most effective control strategy to boost efficiency and toughness in microgrid operations. This study adds substantially to the progress of control strategies in hybrid energy systems, offering important insights into the creation of more complex and reliable power management solutions. By evaluating the performance of these varied controllers, we aim to underline potential upgrades in control systems that could support better energy management in intricate grid setups, thereby encouraging the wider inclusion of renewable energy technologies into power grids.

Finite Element Analysis for Aluminium Alloy 7075-T6 Subjected to the Bending-Torsional Variable Phase of Fatigue Loading

2024-02-18T06:05:14+07:00

In this study, the fatigue behaviour of the alloy structure of Aluminium alloy 7075-T6 is investigated numerically. Three main factors were taken into account when researching the alloy composition of aluminium alloy 7075-T6: life prediction, damage indicator, and Biaxiliray indexation. A prediction of life expectancy seems to be the most reliable indication. Experiments have been carried out with the stress totally inverted as the variable in order to determine whether or not the phenomena of exhaustion can be described by the theory proposed by GoodMan. It was determined that the dynamic load of 100 kilonewtons (kN) and 1100 nanometers (Nm) was used in order to produce estimates for these characteristics. In order to assist us in gaining a better understanding of these characteristics, it has approximated them by making use of the dynamic load that was applied. An increase in the main force to 100 kilonewtons would bring the expected lifetime up to 141 cycles, according to the findings of the computer research. In this regard, the findings of the inquiry provided evidence. The findings demonstrated that this is really the case. The Biaxiliray indexation obtained a value of 0.46 when subjected to the same stress conditions. The numerical results demonstrated that the damage is obvious during the first 10E32 cycles of stress, which is in addition to the research that have been conducted on damage indicators. These findings were demonstrated not just through theoretical study of the damage indicator but also via practical numerical data.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Mortar Mixed with Paper Mill Waste

2024-07-04T08:16:40+07:00

The industrial and construction sectors are experiencing continuous growth each year. Concrete, which is used as the main material in construction, is composed of cement, aggregate and water. Research on mortar and aggregate is carried out to create concrete according to the required specifications of certain buildings. However, 8% of global carbon dioxide emissions come from the cement manufacturing process which is one of the main materials in mortar. In the industrial sector, the paper industry is one of the top producers of waste, approximately 48 tonnes for every 100 tonnes of pulp produced. The main wastes of this industry include slaker grits, dregs, lime mud and fly ash which only end up in landfill. To address this problem, this research investigates the modification of mortar mix materials by utilising paper mill waste. Specifically, fly ash and grits are used as substitute for cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Results indicate that the density value of concrete decreased with the increase of fly ash mixture, and the compressive strength value of mortar with varying additions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% fly ash reached 7.42, 6.68, 6.18, 4.97, 3.93 and 2.97 MPa. The decrease in density and compressive strength with increasing fly ash content can be attributed to the lower adhesive power of waste compared to cement owing to its lower lime oxide content. The value of compressive strength samples 1, 2 and 3 belong to the N type, which can be used as load-bearing walls, while samples 4, 5 and 6 fall into the O type, which can be used as non-load-bearing and decorative walls in accordance with SNI 03-6882-2014 standards.

Design, Fabrication, and Performance Testing of PMMA Interference Screws Prepared by 3D Printing Methods

2024-07-12T02:52:17+07:00

The Interference screws are one type of device that is often used in ACL reconstruction surgery. These devices are made of strong materials such as titanium or bioabsorbable materials. However, the use of PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) as a material for the production of interference screws has not been widely explored. PMMA is commonly used in biomedical applications such as orthopedics and bone tissue engineering. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the structural integrity and performance characteristics of PMMA-based interference screws fabricated by utilizing three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques. The interference screw fabrication was carried out by adjusting the nozzle temperature, bed temperature, and print speed on the 3D printing machine to 240oC, 100oC, and 30 mm/s, respectively. The tests conducted in this study include torque, density, and fracture surface analysis. This study found that the density of the PMMA and commercial interference screws met the density requirements for cortical bone. However, the PMMA interference screw had a lower density than the commercial interference screw. The PMMA and commercial interference screws had densities (g/cm3) of 1.10 and 1.31, respectively. The mechanical properties of interference screws increase with increasing density. The PMMA interference screw achieved only 41% of the PFT (peak failure torque) exhibited by the commercial interference screw. In addition, the PMMA interference screw only meets the clamping criteria, while the commercial interference screw has met the good clamping criteria. The results of surface fracture analysis showed that the PMMA and commercial interference screws had ductile and brittle properties.

Phenol Concentration in Liquid Smoke Production from Rubberwood by Experiment and Simulation with CFD Modeling

2024-05-17T00:43:46+07:00

Liquid smoke is produced through condensation resulting from the pyrolysis process of rubberwood, without the presence of oxygen. One of the dominant contents of liquid smoke products is phenol. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the molar concentration of simulated liquid smoke and the comparison between the experimental and simulated molar concentrations. The simulation used Ansys Fluent 19.2, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) program using the finite volume method in its solution. The several stages in completing Ansys simulation include pre-processing, meshing, processing, and post-processing. The geometry depicted in this study was a 2-dimensional pyrolysis reactor. Assumptions made for the simulation comprised using lignin as raw material, along with specified flowrate, and pyrolysis time. The results showed that based on the reaction mechanism, lignin in the pyrolysis process produced a phenol yield of 4.52%. In the final stage, quantitative data simulation results were obtained in the form of molar concentrations produced from liquid smoke products. The molar concentrations in the simulation during pyrolysis for 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours were 0.00183512, 0.0017854, 0.00170856, 0.0017628, and 0.00166788 kmol/m3, respectively. The experimental molar concentration results also showed the same pattern as the simulation data. At 4 hours of pyrolysis, the molar concentration of phenol increased, resulting in liquid smoke with the best quality. A comparison of liquid smoke molar concentration for the simulation and experiment indicated a minimal difference of 0.005%.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) Extracted from Cockle Shells with Polylactic Acid (PLA) for Bone Implant Application

2024-07-30T09:19:52+07:00

Cockle shell waste has been utilized to produce HAp powders for biomedical applications. This research involves creating HAp powder through a precipitation method and analyzing the properties of CaCO₃, CaO, and HAp. A composite PLA/HAp material was produced with varying ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30% HAp for tensile test samples. The results show that HAp derived from cockle shells contains calcium and phosphorus, similar to commercial HAp. Samples with different weight percentage of HAp provides Young's modulus values comparable to cortical bone (7-30 GPa), with the sample containing 30% HAp achieving the highest value (8.17 GPa), where High Young's modulus values indicate increased stiffness. In summary, cockle shell-derived HAp is a promising material for biomedical applications.

Review of Aluminium (AA6061) Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) by Stir Casting Method

2024-08-01T13:50:02+07:00

Industrial development has boosted the use of aluminium to accommodate high demand. Among the most popular aluminium alloys is the AA6061 of the 6xxx series due to it characteristics. AA6061 is a preferred matrix material for Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) fabrication. This study comprehensively reviews an AA6061 aluminium matrix composite produced through the liquid processing technique-stir casting. This review focuses on process parameters, manufacture of conventional mixtures, range of reinforcement, mechanical and tribology properties of AA6061 composites. Significant findings show that increased reinforcement in AA6061 matrix composites greatly improves the properties, such as strength, hardness, ductility, and wear resistance. Producing AA6061 composites with various reinforcements such as organic, inorganic (carbide, oxides, borides and nitrides), hybrid, and other nanomaterials makes the composites more appropriate for high-stress applications. The AA6061 matrix has effectively included a broad spectrum of reinforcing materials, from micro to nanoscale, showcasing the adaptability and versatility of the stir casting method. Future studies should focus on improving AA6061 composite manufacture using advanced casting processes and comprehensive material characterization. These composites have great potential as advanced materials for several industrial applications due to its remarkable mechanical and tribological properties.

A Case Study: Investigation of Untreated and Treated 304 Stainless Steel on Corrosion Behaviour

2024-08-02T10:14:58+07:00

A titanium coating on an iron-based metal surface significantly enhanced its resistance to localised corrosion. The research thoroughly investigated the microstructure and corrosion behaviour of both the untreated and treated 304 stainless steel substrates. The coating’s morphology was meticulously examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while its chemical composition was determined via energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed in an open circuit potential experiment to evaluate the coating’s resistance to localised corrosion in an alkaline solution. SEM was again utilised to assess the coating’s morphologies and cross-sectional view. The result revealed that untreated samples showed small and large pits on the microstructure, while no pit was detected in treated samples. Only fine dimples and voids were observed for the treated sample. The treated sample exhibited superior corrosion resistance to the untreated sample with a corrosion rate of 0.002348 mm/year and 0.007109 mm/year, respectively. This is attributed to the presence of the coating for a treated sample with curing for 10 minutes. The corrosion rate value is still considered excellent and accepted for stainless steel because the corrosion rate penetration is below 1 mils per year (mpy).

Comparative Analysis of Aluminium 6061-T6 with Different Stock Leaves Setting on Holes True Position: A Case Study

2024-08-02T10:49:30+07:00

With the evolution of industrial technology, improved machining processes have been developed. With the expansion of machining processes, machining characteristics alter according to the tool and work materials, tools used, machining technique used, etc., increasing surface smoothness, dimensional accuracy, and tool wear. Geometric error is a problem in precision machining due to parameter settings. This research aims to analyse the effect of stock leave setup on achieving precise product hole positions and improving machining process efficiency. The substrate involved was AL6061-T6. This study involved the use of MasterCAM software for simulation analysis to predict the effectiveness of the machining process. Then, the machining process was implemented with different stock leaves of 4 mm and 1 mm using a 5-axis Mazak machine. The result reveals the coordinate measurement machine (CMM) reading is proportional to the stock leave setup. The small reading value of CMM produces better accuracy cutting in machining process. In addition, a small value of stock leave produces a hole position within the specification due to adding additional processes compared to the high value of stock leave. Thus, with suitable parameters, all machining processes can produce a good accuracy of finishing parts and meet customer requirements.

A Case Study on Ionic Compounds on the Aluminium 6061 Surface during Etching and Passivating Processes

2024-08-02T11:20:19+07:00

The surface treatment process for aluminium is extensive, encompassing many methods and techniques. This study utilises chemical etching and passivation chemicals as surface treatment processes for chemical cleaning. The corrosion-controlled procedure involves the application of a powerful etchant solution to eliminate undesirable layers of material. Additionally, passivation chemicals are utilised as coatings to enhance the corrosion resistance of aluminium surfaces. Following the chemical cleaning process, ion chromatography testing was conducted to verify the ionic compounds on the surface of the aluminium metal subsequent to its reaction with etching and passivation chemicals. Different approaches were employed to address the ionic compound deposition problem on the surface of aluminium 6061 metal. Results revealed that replacing existing chemicals with new ones is the best solution to reduce the reading below the specified limit. However, one economically viable alternative for the chemical cleaning process is implementing an aeration process during rinsing, which offers greater economic efficiency compared to the substitution of chemicals entirely. Besides that, chemical cleaning via aeration procedure can mitigate the accumulation of ionic compounds on the material's surface.

The Effects of the Fineness Level of Rice Husk Ash as a Partial Cement Substitute in Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)

2024-08-28T11:32:12+07:00

Rice husk ash (RHA) is recognised as a sustainable mineral additive derived from waste. The substitution of a portion of cement with RHA could improve the mechanical characteristics of concrete, leading to the increased adoption of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). The properties of rice husk ash need to satisfy specific criteria to ensure its reactive qualities are fully effective, including the fineness of the husk ash. The quality can be achieved using a filtering technique to obtain the RHA with a certain level of fineness, with division in several zones, 0,1,2,3 and 4. RHA from each zone partially replaces 10% cement in the SCC mixture. To obtain the physical characteristics of SCC, tests were carried out in the fresh phase, which includes slump flow, V-Vunnel, and L-box tests. Meanwhile, compressive strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity tests were conducted to obtain the mechanical properties of the mixture. The results of the fresh concrete test showed that all mixtures are qualified as SCCs, and the results of the hardened concrete test suggested that the fineness of RHA enhances its mechanical properties.