Heimenz Flow Over Shrinking or Stretching Sheet in a Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid

Abstract

The Hiemenz flow over a shrinking or stretching sheet in a ternary hybrid nanofluid is examined in this study. Utilising copper Cu, titanium dioxide TiO₂, and alumina Al₂O₃ nanoparticles dissolved in water, the study seeks to figure out the improved heat transfer characteristics of ternary hybrid nanofluids through the considered control parameters. This study investigates the thermal and flow behavior of ternary hybrid nanofluids in various boundary layer configurations. The governing equations are initially formulated as partial differential equations (PDEs) based on the principles of mass, momentum, and energy conservation. These PDEs are then transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity transformations, enabling the analysis of boundary layer flow under specific conditions. These resulting equations subjected to the boundary conditions are then solved numerically by using bvp4c in MATLAB software. This study found that, based on the first solution, a high local Nusselt number can be achieved by increasing the volume fraction of TiO₂ nanoparticles, suggesting that a suitably more concentrated TiO₂ composition could improve the heat transfer rate in the system. Moreover, increasing the volume fraction of TiO₂ could increase the skin friction coefficient. Additionally, delaying boundary layer separation is possible by carefully tuning the stretching or shrinking parameter. Specifically, the boundary layer separation occurs when the sheet is shrunk extensively. These discoveries provide important insights for improving heat transfer systems and developing industrial and engineering applications for nanofluids.