The Interplay between Oral, Nasal, Lungs and Gut Microbiome Ecology in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection

Abstract

The human body's immune response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) virus is a complex phenomenon that is not fully understood. The presence of microorganisms within the body, known as the microbiome, can interact with different mucosal systems and influence the immune response to the virus. Individuals have also been reported to shed the severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) despite being asymptomatic for COVID-19. The COVID-19 infection is complex and does not occur merely via the respiratory pathway. In this review, we would like to share about the possible involvement of nasal, oral, lung and gut ecological microbiome in the infectivity of COVID-19.