The Global Warming Impact Evaluation of Public Transportation during the COVID-19 Pandemic using the Life Cycle Assessment Approach

Abstract

The transportation industry plays an integral role in the daily lives of Indonesians. However, it also contributes to environmental degradation, particularly in terms of air
quality, which impacts public health. This research applies the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, a sustainability matrix, to gauge the environmental impact of Jakarta's
public transportation system. Our study aims to identify car emissions and understand the environmental consequences they pose. The research was scoped to examine both the raw materials and energy input and the resultant emissions. Specifically, we analyzed the electricity consumption of Jakarta's MRT, Bus Trans Jakarta, and online taxi services. We utilized the LCA methodology and the SimaPro 9.1 software for assessment. Prior research data were incorporated to enhance the accuracy of our LCA
model. A notable observation is the decline in public transportation usership since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Current health protocols allow only half the usual passenger capacity, compounded by a sluggish economy. Our findings reveal that the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)'s CO2 emissions, at 0.019 kg/passenger/kilometer, are significantly lower than that of the BRT at 0.036 kg/passenger/kilometer. One recommendation to further reduce emissions is to transition buses from diesel to compressed natural gas (CNG) fuel. However, public adoption of these changes will largely hinge on individual preferences.