Torrefaction of Briquettes Made of Palm Kernel Shell with  Mixture of Starch and Water as Binder

Muhammad Ariff Hanaffi Mohd Fuad; Mohamad Muslihuddin Razali; Zaitul Nadiah Mohamad Izal; Hasan Mohd Faizal; Norhayati Ahmad; Mohd Rosdzimin Abdul Rahman; Md. Mizanur Rahman

Authors

Muhammad Ariff Hanaffi Mohd Fuad School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Mohamad Muslihuddin Razali School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Zaitul Nadiah Mohamad Izal School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Hasan Mohd Faizal Automotive Development Centre (ADC), Institute for Vehicle System and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Norhayati Ahmad Department of Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
Mohd Rosdzimin Abdul Rahman Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Sg. Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Md. Mizanur Rahman School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

Keywords:

Palm kernel shell, starch binder, torrefaction, briquette, temperature effect, flow rate effect

Abstract

This study presents physical and combustion properties of briquettes made of palm kernel shell (PKS) with mixture of starch and water as binder. The briquettes with weight ratio of 60:40 (PKS: starch binder) were torrefied at various temperatures (225- 275℃) and nitrogen flow rates (1000-3000 mL/min). The physical properties such as appearance, compressive strength, density and mass yield as well as combustion properties such as high heating value (HHV), energy yield and proximate analysis of untorrefied and torrefied briquettes were determined in the present study. The performances of the torrefied briquettes were also compared with the case of untorrefied briquettes as well as international benchmarks. It was found that torrefaction temperature significantly affects the properties of torrefied briquette rather than volume flow rate of nitrogen. At severe torrefaction condition (temperature of 275℃), HHV of 22.16±0.23 MJ/kg was obtained, that is the highest if compared to HHV of the briquettes torrefied at other temperatures. It was found that properties of the torrefied briquettes do not really affected by nitrogen flow rate. Overall, with the presence of starch binder, briquettes with considerably high compressive strength were obtained if compared to the previously developed binderless PKS briquettes.