A Numerical Investigation of the MHD Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3-TiO2/H2O) Past a Vertically Stretching Cylinder in a Porous Medium with Thermal Stratification

Abstract

This study focuses on examining the impact of thermal stratification on the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow of water-based nano, hybrid, and ternary hybrid nanofluids past a vertically stretching cylinder in a porous medium. The nanoparticles Cu, Al₂O₃, and TiO₂ are suspended in a base fluid H₂O, leading to the formation of a ternary hybrid nanofluid Cu-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ /H₂O. The numerical results are calculated with the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa approach, specifically implemented by Bvp4c in MATLAB. The impacts of various parameters are visually depicted through graphs and quantitatively represented in tables. The velocity and temperature of the ternary hybrid nanofluid are lowered by the thermal stratification parameter compared to when there is no stratification. The ternary hybrid nanofluid has a higher heat transfer rate than the hybrid nanofluid, and the hybrid nanofluid has a higher heat transfer rate than ordinary nanofluids.