Advancements in Battery Thermal Management for High-Energy-Density Lithium-Ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.16.9.1438Keywords:
Battery Thermal Management System, Electric Vehicle, Lithium-ionAbstract
Lithium-ion batteries are frequently utilized in electric vehicles because of their high energy density and prolonged cycle life. Maintaining the right temperature range is crucial since lithium-ion batteries' performance and lifespan are highly sensitive to temperature. This study discusses a practical battery heat control system in this setting. The phenomenon of heat generation and significant thermal problems with lithium-ion batteries are reviewed in this work. The studies on various battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are then thoroughly analysed and arranged into groups based on thermal cycle possibilities. Direct refrigerant two-phase cooling, second-loop liquid cooling, and cabin air cooling are all components of the BTMS. Phase change material cooling, heat pipe cooling, and thermoelectric element cooling are all future parts of the BTMS. The maximum temperature and maximum temperature differential of the batteries are examined for each BTMS, and a suitable BTMS that addresses the drawbacks of each system is discussed. Finally, a novel BTMS is suggested as a practical thermal management solution for lithium-ion batteries with high energy density.
References
Zhu, Jihong, and Deying Li. "Current situation of energy consumption and energy saving analysis of large public building." Procedia Engineering 121 (2015): 1208-1214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.09.140
Acar, Canan, and Ibrahim Dincer. "Better thermal management options with heat storage systems for various applications: An Evaluation." Energy Storage 1, no. 1 (2019): e47. https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.47
Ramachandra, T. V. "Emissions from India's transport sector: statewise synthesis." Atmospheric Environment 43, no. 34 (2009): 5510-5517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.015
Udara Willhelm Abeydeera, Lebunu Hewage, Jayantha Wadu Mesthrige, and Tharushi Imalka Samarasinghalage. "Global research on carbon emissions: A scientometric review." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (2019): 3972. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143972
Srivastava, Anurag K., Bharath Annabathina, and Sukumar Kamalasadan. "The challenges and policy options for integrating plug-in hybrid electric vehicle into the electric grid." The Electricity Journal 23, no. 3 (2010): 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2010.03.004
Jung, Won, Azianti Ismail, Faris Mohd Ariffin, and S. Noor. "Study of electric vehicle battery reliability improvement." International Journal of Reliability and Applications 12, no. 2 (2011): 123-129.
Pistoia, Gianfranco, and Boryann Liaw, eds. Behaviour of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles: battery health, performance, safety, and cost. Springer, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69950-9
Kurzweil, P. "Gaston Planté and his invention of the lead–acid battery—The genesis of the first practical rechargeable battery." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 14 (2010): 4424-4434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2009.12.126
Mulder, Grietus, Noshin Omar, Stijn Pauwels, Marcel Meeus, Filip Leemans, Bavo Verbrugge, Wouter De Nijs, Peter Van den Bossche, Daan Six, and Joeri Van Mierlo. "Comparison of commercial battery cells in relation to material properties." Electrochimica Acta 87 (2013): 473-488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.042
Chen, Haisheng, Thang Ngoc Cong, Wei Yang, Chunqing Tan, Yongliang Li, and Yulong Ding. "Progress in electrical energy storage system: A critical review." Progress in natural science 19, no. 3 (2009): 291-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.014
Affanni, Antonio, Alberto Bellini, Giovanni Franceschini, Paolo Guglielmi, and Carla Tassoni. "Battery choice and management for new-generation electric vehicles." IEEE transactions on industrial electronics 52, no. 5 (2005): 1343-1349. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2005.855664
S. Yonezawa, M. Takashima, A.F. Materials, Electrochemical Behavior of Surface-Fluorinated Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Battery The Importance of Nanostructured Materials for Energy Storage/Conversion, (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800679-5.00002-6
Chen, Xiaopeng, Weixiang Shen, Thanh Tu Vo, Zhenwei Cao, and Ajay Kapoor. "An overview of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles." In 2012 10th International Power & Energy Conference (IPEC), pp. 230-235. IEEE, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1109/ASSCC.2012.6523269
Burke, Andrew, and Marshall Miller. "Performance characteristics of lithium-ion batteries of various chemistries for plug-in hybrid vehicles." (2009).
Miao, Yu, Patrick Hynan, Annette Von Jouanne, and Alexandre Yokochi. "Current Li-ion battery technologies in electric vehicles and opportunities for advancements." Energies 12, no. 6 (2019): 1074. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061074
Saw, L. H., A. A. O. Tay, and L. Winston Zhang. "Thermal management of lithium-ion battery pack with liquid cooling." In 2015 31st Thermal Measurement, Modeling & Management Symposium (SEMI-THERM), pp. 298-302. IEEE, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/SEMI-THERM.2015.7100176
Yong, Jia Ying, Vigna K. Ramachandaramurthy, Kang Miao Tan, and Nadarajah Mithulananthan. "A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 49 (2015): 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.130
Padhi, Akshaya K., Kirakodu S. Nanjundaswamy, and John B. Goodenough. "Phospho‐olivines as positive‐electrode materials for rechargeable lithium batteries." Journal of the electrochemical society 144, no. 4 (1997): 1188. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837571
Wang, Haoting, Wenjiang Xu, and Lin Ma. "Actively controlled thermal management of prismatic Li-ion cells under elevated temperatures." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 102 (2016): 315-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.06.033
Sun, Peiyi, Roeland Bisschop, Huichang Niu, and Xinyan Huang. "A review of battery fires in electric vehicles." Fire technology 56 (2020): 1361-1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-019-00944-3
Bai, Fanfei, Mingbiao Chen, Wenji Song, Ziping Feng, Yongliang Li, and Yulong Ding. "Thermal management performances of PCM/water cooling-plate using for lithium-ion battery module based on non-uniform internal heat source." Applied Thermal Engineering 126 (2017): 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.141
Zhang, Tianshi, Qing Gao, Guohua Wang, Yanlong Gu, Yan Wang, Wendi Bao, and Dezhi Zhang. "Investigation on the promotion of temperature uniformity for the designed battery pack with liquid flow in cooling process." Applied Thermal Engineering 116 (2017): 655-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.01.069
Ma, Shuai, Modi Jiang, Peng Tao, Chengyi Song, Jianbo Wu, Jun Wang, Tao Deng, and Wen Shang. "Temperature effect and thermal impact in lithium-ion batteries: A review." Progress in Natural Science: Materials International 28, no. 6 (2018): 653-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.11.002
Yung, Kam-Chuen, Qin Yang, Jiajie Fan, and Michael Pecht. "Study of electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries based on simultaneous measurement of a three-electrode system." In 2016 3rd Asia-Pacific World Congress on Computer Science and Engineering (APWC on CSE), pp. 226-231. IEEE, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/APWC-on-CSE.2016.045
Hannan, Mahammad A., Md Murshadul Hoque, Aini Hussain, Yushaizad Yusof, and Pin Jern Ker. "State-of-the-art and energy management system of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicle applications: Issues and recommendations." Ieee Access 6 (2018): 19362-19378. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2817655
Maleki, Hossein, Said Al Hallaj, J. Robert Selman, Ralph B. Dinwiddie, and Heda Wang. "Thermal properties of lithium‐ion battery and components." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 146, no. 3 (1999): 947. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1391704
Ismail, Nur Hazima Faezaa, Siti Fauziah Toha, Nor Aziah Mohd Azubir, Nizam Hanis Md Ishak, Mohd Khair Hassan, and Babul Salam KSM Ibrahim. "Simplified heat generation model for lithium ion battery used in electric vehicle." In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 53, no. 1, p. 012014. IOP Publishing, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/53/1/012014
Schröder, Robert, Muhammed Aydemir, and Günther Seliger. "Comparatively assessing different shapes of lithium-ion battery cells." Procedia Manufacturing 8 (2017): 104-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.02.013
A. Sharma, D. Prakash, S. Faraz, R. Pathak, Review on Batteries for Electric Vehicles 1, 6 (2019) 50–53.
Benger, Ralf, Heinz Wenzl, Hans-Peter Beck, Meina Jiang, Detlef Ohms, and Gunter Schaedlich. "Electrochemical and thermal modeling of lithium-ion cells for use in HEV or EV application." World Electric Vehicle Journal 3, no. 2 (2009): 342-351. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj3020342
Jeon, Dong Hyup, and Seung Man Baek. "Thermal modeling of cylindrical lithium ion battery during discharge cycle." Energy Conversion and Management 52, no. 8-9 (2011): 2973-2981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.04.013
Reviewed, P., and L. Berkeley. "Cancer B." Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (2010): 35-43.
Liu, Guangming, Minggao Ouyang, Languang Lu, Jianqiu Li, and Xuebing Han. "Analysis of the heat generation of lithium-ion battery during charging and discharging considering different influencing factors." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 116 (2014): 1001-1010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.04.013
Arora, Shashank, and Ajay Kapoor. "Experimental study of heat generation rate during discharge of lifepo4 pouch cells of different nominal capacities and thickness." Batteries 5, no. 4 (2019): 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries5040070
Neupane, Soham, Morteza Alipanah, Derek Barnes, and Xianglin Li. "Heat generation characteristics of LiFePO4 pouch cells with passive thermal management." Energies 11, no. 5 (2018): 1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051243
Yin, Longxiang, Gang Du, and Xiaoyan Liu. "Impact of ambient temperature on the self-heating effects in FinFETs." Journal of Semiconductors 39, no. 9 (2018): 094011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/39/9/094011
Leng, Feng, Cher Ming Tan, Michael Pecht, and JiYe Zhang. "The effect of temperature on the electrochemistry in Lithium-ion batteries." In 2014 International Symposium on Next-Generation Electronics (ISNE), pp. 1-4. IEEE, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISNE.2014.6839339
Kim, Gi-Heon, and Ahmad Pesaran. "Battery thermal management design modeling." World Electric Vehicle Journal 1, no. 1 (2007): 126-133. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj1010126
Andwari, Amin Mahmoudzadeh, Apostolos Pesiridis, Srithar Rajoo, Ricardo Martinez-Botas, and Vahid Esfahanian. "A review of Battery Electric Vehicle technology and readiness levels." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 78 (2017): 414-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.138
Sun, Hongguang, and Regan Dixon. "Development of cooling strategy for an air cooled lithium-ion battery pack." Journal of Power Sources 272 (2014): 404-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.08.107
Liu, Huaqiang, Zhongbao Wei, Weidong He, and Jiyun Zhao. "Thermal issues about Li-ion batteries and recent progress in battery thermal management systems: A review." Energy conversion and management 150 (2017): 304-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.08.016
Kizilel, R., A. Lateef, R. Sabbah, M. M. Farid, J. R. Selman, and S. Al-Hallaj. "Passive control of temperature excursion and uniformity in high-energy Li-ion battery packs at high current and ambient temperature." Journal of Power Sources 183, no. 1 (2008): 370-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.04.050
Khan, Mohammad Rezwan, Maciej Jozef Swierczynski, and Søren Knudsen Kær. "Towards an ultimate battery thermal management system: A review." Batteries 3, no. 1 (2017): 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries3010009
Wu, Weixiong, Shuangfeng Wang, Wei Wu, Kai Chen, Sihui Hong, and Yongxin Lai. "A critical review of battery thermal performance and liquid based battery thermal management." Energy conversion and management 182 (2019): 262-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2018.12.051
Lyu, Y., A. R. M. Siddique, Shaikh Hasibul Majid, M. Biglarbegian, S. A. Gadsden, and Sahabi Mahmud. "Electric vehicle battery thermal management system with thermoelectric cooling." Energy Reports 5 (2019): 822-827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.06.016
Zhao, Yanqi, Boyang Zou, Chuan Li, and Yulong Ding. "Active cooling based battery thermal management using composite phase change materials." Energy Procedia 158 (2019): 4933-4940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.697
Rao, Zhonghao, Shuangfeng Wang, Maochun Wu, Zirong Lin, and Fuhuo Li. "Experimental investigation on thermal management of electric vehicle battery with heat pipe." Energy Conversion and Management 65 (2013): 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2012.08.014
Zhao, Ji-chun, Shi-hong Liu, and Jun-feng Zhang. "Personalized Distance Learning System based on Sequence Analysis Algorithm." International Journal of Online Engineering 11, no. 7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v11i7.4764
Khan, Mohd Azam, and Imran Ahmad. "An analysis of export pattern and competitiveness of India-China in global and bilateral market." FIIB Business Review 6, no. 2 (2017): 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2455265820170202
Pesaran, A., Matthew Keyser, and Steve Burch. An approach for designing thermal management systems for electric and hybrid vehicle battery packs. No. NREL/CP-540-25992. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO (US), 1999.
Zou, Huiming, Bin Jiang, Qian Wang, Changqin Tian, and Yuying Yan. "Performance analysis of a heat pump air conditioning system coupling with battery cooling for electric vehicles." Energy Procedia 61 (2014): 891-894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.989
S. Rashidi, J.A. Esfahani, F. Hormozi, Classifications of Porous Materials for Energy Applications, Ref. Modul. Mater. Sci. Mater. Eng. (2020). doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803581-8.11739-4.
Sabbah, Rami, R. Kizilel, J. R. Selman, and S. Al-Hallaj. "Active (air-cooled) vs. passive (phase change material) thermal management of high power lithium-ion packs: Limitation of temperature rise and uniformity of temperature distribution." Journal of power sources 182, no. 2 (2008): 630-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.03.082
Park, Heesung. "A design of air flow configuration for cooling lithium ion battery in hybrid electric vehicles." Journal of power sources 239 (2013): 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.102
Xu, X. M., and R. He. "Research on the heat dissipation performance of battery pack based on forced air cooling." Journal of Power Sources 240 (2013): 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.004
Fan, Liwu, J. M. Khodadadi, and A. A. Pesaran. "A parametric study on thermal management of an air-cooled lithium-ion battery module for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles." Journal of Power Sources 238 (2013): 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.03.050
Wang, Tao, K. J. Tseng, and Jiyun Zhao. "Development of efficient air-cooling strategies for lithium-ion battery module based on empirical heat source model." Applied Thermal Engineering 90 (2015): 521-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.07.033
Yang, Naixing, Xiongwen Zhang, Guojun Li, and Dong Hua. "Assessment of the forced air-cooling performance for cylindrical lithium-ion battery packs: A comparative analysis between aligned and staggered cell arrangements." Applied thermal engineering 80 (2015): 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.01.049
Mahamud, Rajib, and Chanwoo Park. "Reciprocating air flow for Li-ion battery thermal management to improve temperature uniformity." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 13 (2011): 5685-5696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.02.076
Yu, Kuahai, Xi Yang, Yongzhou Cheng, and Changhao Li. "Thermal analysis and two-directional air flow thermal management for lithium-ion battery pack." Journal of power sources 270 (2014): 193-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.086
Ling, Ziye, Fangxian Wang, Xiaoming Fang, Xuenong Gao, and Zhengguo Zhang. "A hybrid thermal management system for lithium ion batteries combining phase change materials with forced-air cooling." Applied energy 148 (2015): 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.080
Rahman, M. M., H. Y. Rahman, T. M. I. Mahlia, and J. L. Y. Sheng. "Liquid cooled plate heat exchanger for battery cooling of an electric vehicle (EV)." In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 32, no. 1, p. 012053. IOP Publishing, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/32/1/012053
Yang, Shuting, Chen Ling, Yuqian Fan, Yange Yang, Xiaojun Tan, and Hongyu Dong. "A review of lithium-ion battery thermal management system strategies and the evaluate criteria." International Journal of Electrochemical Science 14, no. 7 (2019): 6077-6107. https://doi.org/10.20964/2019.07.06
Chung, Yoong, and Min Soo Kim. "Thermal analysis and pack level design of battery thermal management system with liquid cooling for electric vehicles." Energy conversion and management 196 (2019): 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.083
Teng, Ho, and Kim Yeow. "Design of direct and indirect liquid cooling systems for high-capacity, high-power lithium-ion battery packs." SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains 1, no. 2 (2012): 525-536. https://doi.org/10.4271/2012-01-2017
Li, Xinxi, Fengqi He, Guoqing Zhang, Qiqiu Huang, and Dequan Zhou. "Experiment and simulation for pouch battery with silica cooling plates and copper mesh based air cooling thermal management system." Applied Thermal Engineering 146 (2019): 866-880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.061
Kim, Jaewan, Jinwoo Oh, and Hoseong Lee. "Review on battery thermal management system for electric vehicles." Applied thermal engineering 149 (2019): 192-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.12.020
Rahman, Khwaja M., Sinisa Jurkovic, Constantin Stancu, John Morgante, and Peter J. Savagian. "Design and performance of electrical propulsion system of extended range electric vehicle (EREV) chevrolet volt." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 51, no. 3 (2014): 2479-2488. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2014.2363015
Jarrett, Anthony, and Il Yong Kim. "Design optimization of electric vehicle battery cooling plates for thermal performance." Journal of Power Sources 196, no. 23 (2011): 10359-10368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.06.090
Jarrett, Anthony, and Il Yong Kim. "Influence of operating conditions on the optimum design of electric vehicle battery cooling plates." Journal of Power sources 245 (2014): 644-655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.114
Jin, L. W., P. S. Lee, X. X. Kong, Y. Fan, and S. K. Chou. "Ultra-thin minichannel LCP for EV battery thermal management." Applied energy 113 (2014): 1786-1794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.07.013
Huo, Yutao, Zhonghao Rao, Xinjian Liu, and Jiateng Zhao. "Investigation of power battery thermal management by using mini-channel cold plate." Energy Conversion and Management 89 (2015): 387-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.10.015
Zhao, Jiateng, Zhonghao Rao, and Yimin Li. "Thermal performance of mini-channel liquid cooled cylinder based battery thermal management for cylindrical lithium-ion power battery." Energy conversion and management 103 (2015): 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.06.056
Qian, Zhen, Yimin Li, and Zhonghao Rao. "Thermal performance of lithium-ion battery thermal management system by using mini-channel cooling." Energy Conversion and Management 126 (2016): 622-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.063
Wang, Cong, Guoqing Zhang, Like Meng, Xinxi Li, Wenfu Situ, Youfu Lv, and Mumin Rao. "Liquid cooling based on thermal silica plate for battery thermal management system." International Journal of Energy Research 41, no. 15 (2017): 2468-2479. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3801
Krüger, Imke Lisa, Dirk Limperich, and Gerhard Schmitz. "Energy consumption of battery cooling in hybrid electric vehicles." (2012).
Baetens, Ruben, Bjørn Petter Jelle, and Arild Gustavsen. "Phase change materials for building applications: A state-of-the-art review." Energy and buildings 42, no. 9 (2010): 1361-1368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.03.026
Elefsiniotis, A., Th Becker, and U. Schmid. "Thermoelectric energy harvesting using phase change materials (PCMs) in high temperature environments in aircraft." Journal of electronic materials 43 (2014): 1809-1814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-013-2880-9
Kuznik, Frédéric, Damien David, Kevyn Johannes, and Jean-Jacques Roux. "A review on phase change materials integrated in building walls." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15, no. 1 (2011): 379-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.08.019
Sharma, Atul, V. Veer Tyagi, Carl R. Chen, and Dharam Buddhi. "Review on thermal energy storage with phase change materials and applications." Renewable and Sustainable energy reviews 13, no. 2 (2009): 318-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.10.005
Wilke, Stephen, Ben Schweitzer, Siddique Khateeb, and Said Al-Hallaj. "Preventing thermal runaway propagation in lithium ion battery packs using a phase change composite material: An experimental study." Journal of Power Sources 340 (2017): 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.018
Wang, Zichen, Zhuqian Zhang, Li Jia, and Lixin Yang. "Paraffin and paraffin/aluminum foam composite phase change material heat storage experimental study based on thermal management of Li-ion battery." Applied Thermal Engineering 78 (2015): 428-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.01.009
Jaguemont, Joris, Noshin Omar, Peter Van den Bossche, and Joeri Mierlo. "Phase-change materials (PCM) for automotive applications: A review." Applied thermal engineering 132 (2018): 308-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.12.097
Pan, Dongchang, Sichuan Xu, Chunjing Lin, and Guofeng Chang. "Thermal management of power batteries for electric vehicles using phase change materials: a review." (2016). https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1204
Zhao, Jiateng, Peizhao Lv, and Zhonghao Rao. "Experimental study on the thermal management performance of phase change material coupled with heat pipe for cylindrical power battery pack." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 82 (2017): 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.11.017
Hémery, Charles-Victor, Franck Pra, Jean-François Robin, and Philippe Marty. "Experimental performances of a battery thermal management system using a phase change material." Journal of Power Sources 270 (2014): 349-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.07.147
Duan, X., and G. F. Naterer. "Heat transfer in phase change materials for thermal management of electric vehicle battery modules." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53, no. 23-24 (2010): 5176-5182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.07.044
Al Hallaj, Said, and J. R. Selman. "A novel thermal management system for electric vehicle batteries using phase‐change material." Journal of the Electrochemical Society 147, no. 9 (2000): 3231. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393888
Wu, Weixiong, Xiaoqing Yang, Guoqing Zhang, Xiufang Ke, Ziyuan Wang, Wenfu Situ, Xinxi Li, and Jiangyun Zhang. "An experimental study of thermal management system using copper mesh-enhanced composite phase change materials for power battery pack." Energy 113 (2016): 909-916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.07.119
Rao, Zhonghao, Yutao Huo, Xinjian Liu, and Guoqing Zhang. "Experimental investigation of battery thermal management system for electric vehicle based on paraffin/copper foam." Journal of the Energy Institute 88, no. 3 (2015): 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2014.09.006
Lv, Youfu, Xiaoqing Yang, Xinxi Li, Guoqing Zhang, Ziyuan Wang, and Chengzhao Yang. "Experimental study on a novel battery thermal management technology based on low density polyethylene-enhanced composite phase change materials coupled with low fins." Applied Energy 178 (2016): 376-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.058
Javani, Nader, I. Dincer, G. F. Naterer, and B. S. Yilbas. "Heat transfer and thermal management with PCMs in a Li-ion battery cell for electric vehicles." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 72 (2014): 690-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.12.076
Wu, Weixiong, Wei Wu, and Shuangfeng Wang. "Thermal management optimization of a prismatic battery with shape-stabilized phase change material." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 121 (2018): 967-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.01.062
Verma, Ashima, Sumanth Shashidhara, and Dibakar Rakshit. "A comparative study on battery thermal management using phase change material (PCM)." Thermal Science and Engineering Progress 11 (2019): 74-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2019.03.003
Zohuri, Bahman, and Bahman Zohuri. "Other types of heat pipes." Heat Pipe Design and Technology: Modern Applications for Practical Thermal Management (2016): 431-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29841-2_6
Wu, Mao-Sung, K. H. Liu, Yung-Yun Wang, and Chi-Chao Wan. "Heat dissipation design for lithium-ion batteries." Journal of power sources 109, no. 1 (2002): 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(02)00048-4
Tran, Thanh-Ha, Souad Harmand, and Bernard Sahut. "Experimental investigation on heat pipe cooling for Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Electric Vehicle lithium-ion battery." Journal of power sources 265 (2014): 262-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.04.130
Ye, Yonghuang, Lip Huat Saw, Yixiang Shi, and Andrew AO Tay. "Numerical analyses on optimizing a heat pipe thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries during fast charging." Applied Thermal Engineering 86 (2015): 281-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.04.066
Zhao, Rui, Junjie Gu, and Jie Liu. "An experimental study of heat pipe thermal management system with wet cooling method for lithium ion batteries." Journal of power sources 273 (2015): 1089-1097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.10.007
Liu, Feifei, Fengchong Lan, and Jiqing Chen. "Dynamic thermal characteristics of heat pipe via segmented thermal resistance model for electric vehicle battery cooling." Journal of Power Sources 321 (2016): 57-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.108
Feng, Liyuan, Shuo Zhou, Yancheng Li, Yao Wang, Qiang Zhao, Chunhui Luo, Guixin Wang, and Kangping Yan. "Experimental investigation of thermal and strain management for lithium-ion battery pack in heat pipe cooling." Journal of Energy Storage 16 (2018): 84-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2018.01.001
Qu, Jie, Zhiqi Ke, Anhao Zuo, and Zhonghao Rao. "Experimental investigation on thermal performance of phase change material coupled with three-dimensional oscillating heat pipe (PCM/3D-OHP) for thermal management application." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 129 (2019): 773-782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.10.019
Smith, Joshua, Randeep Singh, Michael Hinterberger, and Masataka Mochizuki. "Battery thermal management system for electric vehicle using heat pipes." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 134 (2018): 517-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.08.022
Alaoui, Chakib, and Ziyad M. Salameh. "A novel thermal management for electric and hybrid vehicles." IEEE transactions on vehicular technology 54, no. 2 (2005): 468-476. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2004.842444
Liu, Yong, Shichun Yang, Bin Guo, and Cheng Deng. "Numerical analysis and design of thermal management system for lithium ion battery pack using thermoelectric coolers." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (2014): 852712. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/852712
Bakar, Shahirah Abu, Norihan Md Arifin, and Ioan Pop. "Stability Analysis on Mixed Convection Nanofluid Flow in a Permeable Porous Medium with Radiation and Internal Heat Generation." Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engineering 13, no. 1 (2023): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.37934/armne.13.1.117
Hashim, Muhamad Hasif Mohd, Norihan Md Arifin, Ahmad Nazri Mohamad Som, Nazihah Mohamed Ali, Aniza Ab Ghani, and Safaa Jawad Ali. "Natural Convection in Trapezoidal Cavity containing Hybrid Nanofluid." Journal of Advanced Research in Micro and Nano Engineering 13, no. 1 (2023): 18-30. https://doi.org/10.37934/armne.13.1.1830
Haque, Mohammad Salman, Istiak Ahmed Ovi, Farah Samsi Prome, and Anika Hossain. "Impact of Water Absorption on Tensile Strength: A Comparative Study of Jute Fiber Composites with Various Fiber Content." Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 12, no. 1 (2023): 114-124. https://doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.12.1.114124
Kamil, Ahmad Faiz Ahmad, Sh Mohd Firdaus Sh Abdul Nasir, Hamid Yusoff, Khairul Anuar Abd Wahid, and Mohd Zulkifly Abdullah. "A Review of Experimentation of Synthetic Jet Cooling." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 109, no. 2 (2023): 27-38. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.109.2.2738
Roziqin, Ahmad, Sonika Maulana, Angga Septiyanto, M. Irfan Khoirurroziqin, and Ahmad Nasirudin. "Exhaust Gas Pressure and Flow Velocity Analysis of the Conical Silencer High Performance Low Noise Exhaust Muffler." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 109, no. 2 (2023): 39-48. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.109.2.3948
