Fuzzy Delphi Approach Determining Elements in Mobile Learning Model for Adult Learners

Abstract

Mobile learning, also known as m-learning, has been popular recently due to the portability, ease of use, and affordability of mobile devices. M-learning can take place anywhere and at any time. Furthermore, adult learners face challenges due to the increasing use of technology and the ageing population. Current design guidelines for smartphones for older adults can be challenging to implement and interpret. Little research has been done on mobile learning elements before application development. Different frameworks of the mobile learning model apply specific principles and endorse the theory of demographics and other related variables. This study addresses the gap in pre-application research on mobile learning elements, focusing on adult learners. This study uses the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) with ten experts and the result from the analysis threshold score was (d) ≤ 0.2, the percentage consensus of the expert was more than 75%, and the average fuzzy score (A) for all the elements is 0.5 and above. Results indicate that seven proposed elements (usability, navigation, touch gestures, andragogy, scaffolding, content, and layout) are important for adult learners. It is suggested that these FDM-identified components be included in a mobile learning design model to improve the educational experience for this particular group of learners. This study provides insightful information on particular elements that are necessary to successfully create mobile learning experiences for adult learners.