Diffusion of a Surface Marine Sewage Effluent

Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani; Gianluca Cosimo Perrone

doi:10.37934/cfdl.15.12.135153

Authors

Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani IA.ING Engineering, Viale M. Chiatante, 60 - 73100 Lecce, Italy
Gianluca Cosimo Perrone IA.ING Engineering, Viale M. Chiatante, 60 - 73100 Lecce, Italy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37934/cfdl.15.12.135153

Keywords:

Marine Surface Discharges, Scalar Intrusion Length, CFD, RANS, Numerical Modelling, Two Phase Flow

Abstract

Any scalar concentration discharging to the sea through a freshwater release is a thermodynamic two-phase flow including different densities and different temperatures. Because of Reynolds similarity, physical models are not feasible to use and numerical models such as CFD-RANS are the solutions. A series of numerical experiments have been conducted to derive an empirical formula that determines the length of the 95% scalar concentration reduction, useful for primary and emergency engineering-environmental decisions. Results show that the scalar concentration intrusion length is a function of seawater density-temperature, freshwater density-temperature, sea current Froude number, effluent jet Froude number, and the scalar concentration in which among those, the sea current Froude number has the most effective role in which as an example of the lowest and highest tested sea current velocities, an effluent discharge of 0.052 m3/s with a concentration of 1 Kg/m3 and effluent jet velocity 0.245 m/s in 3.2 meters from the effluent source reaches to the 95% scalar concentration reduction when there is a high-velocity sea current (0.5 m/s) while in the presence of a low-velocity sea current (0.05 m/s), the same effluent discharge with the same scalar concentration and the same effluent jet velocity, the length of the 95% scalar concentration reduction increase to 42.8 meters from the effluent source.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Sahameddin Mahmoudi Kurdistani, IA.ING Engineering, Viale M. Chiatante, 60 - 73100 Lecce, Italy

kurdistani@iaing.it

Gianluca Cosimo Perrone, IA.ING Engineering, Viale M. Chiatante, 60 - 73100 Lecce, Italy

perrone@iaing.it

References

Rawn, A.M., Bowerman, F.R., and Brooks, N.H. “Diffusers for Disposal of Sewage in Sea Water.” J. Sanitary Eng. Div. ASCE. 86 no. SA2 (1959): 65–105. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSEDAI.0000274

Chow, M.M., Cardoso, S.S.S., and Holford, J.M. “Dispersion of Pollutants Discharged into the Ocean, The Interaction of Small- and Large-scale Phenomena.” Trans IChemE, Part A, Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 82 no. A6 (2004): 730–736. https://doi.org/10.1205/026387604774196019

Kim, Y.D., Seo, I.W., Kang, S.W., and Oh, B.C. “Modeling the Mixing of Wastewater Effluent Discharged from Ocean Outfalls using a Hybrid Model.” Coastal Engineering Journal, 43 no. 4 (2001): 259-288. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0578563401000372

Bricker, J.D., and Nakayama, A., “Estimation of far-field horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients from the concentration field of a wastewater plume near the Akashi Strait.” Environ. Fluid Mech. 7 (2007): 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-006-9013-4

Zhao, L., Chen, Z., and Lee, K. “Modelling the dispersion of wastewater discharges from offshore outfalls: a review.” Environ. Rev. 19 (2011): 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1139/a10-025

Inan, A. “Modeling of Hydrodynamics and Dilution in Coastal Waters.” Water. 11 no. 83 (2019): https://doi.org/10.3390/w11010083

Wang, C., Guo, Z., Li, Q., and Fang, J. “Study on layout optimization of sewage outfalls: a case study of wastewater treatment plants in Xiamen.” Scientific Reports, 11 (2021):18326, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97756-9

Ho, M., Molemaker, J.M., Kessouri, F., McWilliams, J.C., and Gallien, T.W. “High-Resolution Nonhydrostatic Outfall Plume Modeling: Cross-Flow Validation” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 147 no. 8 (2021): 04021028. 10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001896

Panseriya, H.Z. Gosai, H.B. Gavali, D.J. and Dave, B.P. “Assessment of surface water quality during different tides and an anthropogenic impact on coastal water at Gulf of Kachchh, West Coast of India” Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 30 no. 10 (2023): 28053 – 28065. 10.1007/s11356-022-24205-z

Santavy, D.L. Horstmann, C.L., Huertas, E., and Raimondo, S. “Comparison of coral reef communities in proximity to ocean effluent pipes off the north coast of Puerto Rico” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 195 no. 1 (2023): 162. 10.1007/s10661-022-10756-8

Brooks, N. H. “Diffusion of sewage effluent in an ocean-current.” In Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Waste Disposal in the Marine Environment. University of California, Berkeley, (1959): 246-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-009534-9.50018-1

Bennet, N. J. “Design of Sea Outfalls the Lower Limit Concept of Initial Dilution.” In Proc. Instn Ciu. Engrs., 75 (1983):113–121. https://doi.org/10.1680/iicep.1983.1391

Sharp, J. J. “Marine outfalls for small coastal communities in Atlantic Canada.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 18 (1991): 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1139/l91-049

Caine, R. F. “Sea Outfalls for the Disposal and Treatment of Wastewater Effluents.” Wal. Sci. Tech, 32 no. 7 (1995): 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00050-9

Matos, J., Monteiro, A., Costa, P., Neves, R., Bettencourt, A., Frazao, A., and Santos, C. “Wastewater Diffusion in the Estoril Coast: Theoretical Calculations and Field Studies.” Wal. Sci Tech. 38 no. 10 (1998): 337-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00768-9

Montaño-Ley, Y., Peraza-Vizcarra, R., and Páez-Osuna, F. “Tidal Hydrodynamics and their Implications for the Dispersion of Effluents in Mazatlán Harbor: An Urbanized Shallow Coastal Lagoon” Water Air Soil Pollut., 194 (2008): 343–357. DOI 10.1007/s11270-008-9721-0

Marques, G.M., Shao, A.E., Scott D. Bachman, S.D., Danabasoglu, G., and Bryan, F.O. “Representing Eddy Diffusion in the Surface Boundary Layer of Ocean Models with General Vertical Coordinates” J. of Adv. in Model. Earth Sys., 15 no. 6 (2023): e2023MS003751. https://doi. org/10.1029/2023MS003751

K im, D. G., & Cho, H. Y. “Modeling the Buoyant Flow of Heated Water Discharged from Surface and Submerged Side Outfalls in Shallow and Deep Water with a Cross Flow.” Environ. Fluid Mech. 6 (2006): 501–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-006-9006-3

McGuirk, J. J., & Rodi, W. “A Depth-Averaged Mathematical Model for the Near Field of the Side Discharge into Open-Channel Flow.” J. Fluid Mech. 86 no. 4 (1978): 761–781. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002211207800138X

Dhanak, M.R., and Xiros, N.I. (Eds.) Springer Handbook oƒ Ocean Engineering. Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg, London New York (2016). DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-16649-0

Barkhudarov, M.R. “Lagrangian VOF advection Method for FLOW-3D” Flow Science, Inc. FSI-03-TN63-R (2004): 1–11. https://www.flow3d.co.kr/wp-content/uploads/FSI-03-TN63-R_lagrangian-vof.pdf

Starobin, A., Hirt, T., Lang, H., & Todte, M. “Core drying simulation and validation.” Int. Found Res. 64 no. 1 (2011): 1–5. core-drying-simulation-and-validation-12-12.pdf (flow3d.de)

Vanneste, D., and Troch, P. “2D Numerical Simulation of Large-Scale Physical Model Tests of Wave Interaction with a Rubble-Mound Breakwater.” Coast. Eng. 103 (2015): 22–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2015.05.008

Kurdistani, S.M., Tomasicchio, G.R., Conte, D., and Mascetti, S. “Sensitivity Analysis of Existing Exponential Empirical Formulas for Pore Pressure Distribution Inside Breakwater Core Using Numerical Modeling.” special issue, Italian J. Eng. Geol. Environ. 1 (2020): 65–71. https://doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2020-01.S-08

Kurdistani, S.M., Tomasicchio, G.R., D′Alessandro, F., & Francone, A. “Formula for wave transmission at submerged homogeneous porous breakwaters.” Ocean Engineering. 266 (2022): 113053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.113053

Niknahad, A., and Bak Khoshnevis, A. “Numerical study and comparison of turbulent parameters of simple, triangular, and circular vortex generators equipped airfoil model” J. of Adv. Res. in Num. Heat Trans. 8 no. 1 (2022): 1–18. https://www.akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/arnht/article/view/4458

Hirt, C.W., and Nichols, B.D. “Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method for the Dynamics of Free Boundaries.” J. Comput. Phys. 39 (1981): 201–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9991(81)90145-5

Shehab, A., El-Baz, A.M.R., and Elmarhomy, A.M. “CFD Modeling of Regular and Irregular Waves Generated by Flap Type Wave Maker” J. of Adv. Res. in Num. Heat Trans. 85 no. 2 (2021): 128–144. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.85.2.128144

Harlow, F.H., and Nakayama, P.I. “Turbulence Transport Equations.” Phys. Fluids 10 no. 11 (1967): 2323–2332. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1762039

Wilcox, D. C. (2006). Turbulence Modeling for CFD. DCW Industries Inc. San Diego. Third Edition. ISBN 0963605100, 9780963605108

Wong, M.K., Sheng, L.C., Nor Azwadi, C.S., and Hashim, G.A. “Numerical Study of Turbulent Flow in Pipe with Sudden Expansion” J. of Adv. Res. in Fluid Mech. and Thermal Sci. 6 no. 1 (2015): 34–48. https://semarakilmu.com.my/journals/index.php/fluid_mechanics_thermal_sciences/article/view/2538

Devolder, B., Rauwoens, P., and Troch, P. “Application of a Buoyancy-Modified k-ω SST Turbulence Model to Simulate Wave Run-up Around a Monopile Subjected to Regular Waves using OpenFOAM.” Coast. Eng. 125 (2017): 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.04.004

Yakhot, V., and Orszag, S.A. “Renormalization Group Analysis of Turbulence. I. Basic theory.” J. Sci. Comput. 1 no. 1 (1986): 3–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01061452

Seager, R.J., Acevedo, A.J., Spill, F., and Zaman, M.H. “Solid dissolution in a fluid solvent is characterized by the interplay of surface area-dependent diffusion and physical fragmentation.” Scientific Reports. No. 8:7711 (2018): 1-17. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-25821-x

Sahak, A.S.A., Nor Azwadi, C.S., Yusof, S.N.A., and Alamir, M.A. “Numerical Study of Particle Behaviour in a Mixed Convection Channel Flow with Cavity using Cubic Interpolation Pseudo-Particle Navier-Stokes Formulation Method” J. of Adv. Res. in Num. Heat Trans. 1 no. 1 (2020): 32–51. https://www.akademiabaru.com/submit/index.php/arnht/article/view/1121

Sathishkumar, S., Rao, B.S., Pradeep, S., and Sairam R.M.S., Kalaiarasu, B., and Selvaraj, B. “Modelling and Validating the Spray Characteristics of a Co-axial Twin-Fluid Atomizer Using OpenFOAM” J. of Adv. Res. in Fluid Mech. and Thermal Sci. 91 no. 1 (2022): 35–45. https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.91.1.3545

Nor Azwadi, C.S. and Adamu, I.M. “Turbulent Force Convective Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nano Fluid in a Circular Channel with Constant Heat Flux” J. of Adv. Res. in Fluid Mech. and Thermal Sci. 19 no. 1 (2016): 1–9. https://www.akademiabaru.com/doc/ARFMTSV19_N1_P1_9.pdf

Barenblatt, G. I. (1987). Dimensional Analysis. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. New York.

Pagliara, S., Kurdistani, S.M., & Roshni, T. “Rooster tail wave hydraulics of chutes.” J. Hydraul. Eng. ASCE. 137 no.9 (2011): 1085 – 1088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000397

Pagliara, S., and Kurdistani, S.M. “Scour Characteristics Downstream of Grade-Control Structures.” In Proc. 7th Intl. Conf. on Fluvial Hydraulics-River Flow 2014. Schleiss et al. (Eds). Lausanne. (2014): 2093-2098.

Pagliara, S., Palermo, M., Kurdistani, S.M., and Hassanabadi, L. “Erosive and Hydrodynamic Processes Downstream of Low-Head Control Structures.” J. of Appl. Water Eng. and Res. 3 no. 2 (2015): 122–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/23249676.2014.1001880

Kurdistani, S.M., Tomasicchio, G.R., D’Alessandro, F., and Hassanabadi, L. “River Bank Protection from Ship-induced Waves and River Flow.” Water Sci. Eng. 12 no. 2 (2019): 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2019.05.002

Tomasicchio, G.R., Kurdistani, S.M., D’Alessandro, F., and Hassanabadi, L. “Simple Wave Breaking Depth Index Formula for Regular Waves.” J. Waterway. Port, Coast. Ocean Eng. 146 no. 1 (2020): 06019001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000539

Tomasicchio, G.R., & Kurdistani. S.M. “A New Prediction Formula for Pore Pressure Distribution inside Rubble Mound Breakwater Core.” J. Waterway. Port, Coast. Ocean Eng. 146 no. 3 (2020): 04020005. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WW.1943-5460.0000555

Kurdistani, S.M., Aristodemo, F., Francone, A., Tripepi, G., and Tomasicchio, G.R. “Formula for the Maximum Reference Pressure at the Interface of the Breakwater Core and Filter Layer.” Coast Eng. J. 63 no. 4 (2021): 532–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/21664250.2021.1982518

Verri, G., Kurdistani, S.M., Coppini, G., and Valentini, A. “Recent Advances of a Box Model to Represent the Estuarine Dynamics: Time-Variable Estuary Length and Eddy Diffusivity.” J. Adv. Model. Earth Systems. AGU 13 (2021): e2020MS002276. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002276

Mikhail, R., Chu, V.H., and Savages, S.B. “The reattachment of a two-dimensional turbulent jet in a confined cross flow.” Proc. 16th IAHR Cong., Sao Paulo, Brazil, no. 3 (1975): 414-419.